Form

The citation form is SgNom of nouns, adjectives, numerals and infinitive of verbs (-SA). The citation form of verbs in proto-languages (PS, PU etc.) is the reconstructed verb stem.

The following information can belong to the form: language (dialect), literature, comments, in-context.

unknown form: unknown form occurs as source form of Nganasan lexemes with unknown origin.

Transcription: 

Nganasan: Ɂ, ə, a, b, g, ď, d, ð, e, h, i, i͡a, ɨ, j, k, lʲ, l, m, n, ń, ŋ, o, r, s, sʲ, t, (ť) č, u, u͡a, ü (Wagner-Nagy 2013)

Tundra Nenets: Hajdú 1989.

Enets: Siegl 2013.

Proto-Samoyed (SW):

special vowels

ǝ̑1 = ǝ̑, å

ǝ̑2 = ǝ̑, ä

å1 = å, ä

ä1 = ä, e 

e1 = e̮, e

i1 = ɨ, i

o1 = o, ö

u1 = u, ü

ɜ = not known

special consonants

j1 = j

n1 = n

n2 = n

s1 = k, s, (s')

t1 = c, t

t2 = c, s, t

t3 = c, k, s, t

w1 = m, w

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Matching: Exact/Beginning/Part

There are three options of searching for form: exact match (full form), beginning and any other sequence of a form.

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Dialect

Dialects and languages.

The language includes the dialects, it means that if you want to search for the data of a language, you have to choose all dialects of that language.

Data of the proto-languages are taken from the literature. I did not modified the original reconstructed forms and meanings, with the following exceptions:

• if an etymology does not contain Nganasan member, but I found it in the Nganasan sources,

• if the reconstructed meaning are not in English, I translated it.

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Default sources of the languages:

Nganasan: Kosterkina-Momde-Zhdanova 2001

Tundra Nenets: Tereshchenko 1965/2003

Enets: Sorokina - Bolina 2001, 2009

Proto-Samoyed: Janhunen 1976 (= SW). The reconstructed meaning are converted into English by SzS.

Other form are mentioned in the section of Comment.

Search for Proto-Uralic: type into the cell of Comment: PU (> Saved searches).

Search for lexemes with unknown origin: select the unknown "dialect" from the list of languages.

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Literature

The term 'literature' is used here as the synonym of 'source', namely the source of the language data (= form). 

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Comment (form-meaning)

This section can contain information that does not fit into other cells. E.g. further literature, alternatives forms etc.

Typical information in Comment:

• alternative forms
• further literature
• metonymic patterns

• subcategory of derivation

• Proto-Uralic in the "Saved searches"

• Proto-North Samoyed in the "Saved searches"
• type of contiguity (e.g. Aspectual, Adverbial)
• not productive: the derivational suffix is not productive.

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Sentence

'Sentence' can belong to a form, demonstrating and determining an exact meaning/use of a form. Certainly, in case of proto-langauges there are not in-context forms.  

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Meaning

All meanings are given in English. If the meaning of lexeme in its source is given in another language (German, Russian), it has been translated, and sometimes modified. The meanings of the KMZ come from Bradley - Wagner-Nagy 2013.

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Exact match

Exact match means for searching of full form. 

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Part of speech

Part of speech occurs with meaning - and not with the form. List of PoS:

adjective

adverb

conjunction

demonstrative

noun

numeral/quantifier

participle

particle

postposition

pronoun

verb

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Semantic domain

The applied system of the semantic domains is based on The Rapid Word Collection Methodology.

There are nine main groups for meaning/concepts arranged in alphabetic order:

1. Daily life (9 sudomains, 38 third-level domains)

2. Grammar (6 subdomains) 

3. Language and thought (6 subdomains, 34 third-level domains)

4. Person (6 subdomains, 40 third-level subdomains)

5. Physical actions (10 subdomains, 58 third-level domains)

6. Social behavior (9 subdomains, 65 third-level domains)

7. States (6 subdomains, 52 third-level domains)

8. Universe, creation (7 subdomains, 29 third-level domains)

9. Work and occupation (9 subdomains, 67 third-level domains)

Note that not all third-level domains are connected to lexemes!

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Role: Source/Target

It is possible to search by the role of a lexeme, namely a lexeme occurs in a connection as source (origin) or as target (result) of a process.

The unknown form can be only source of Nganasan lexemes with unknown origin.

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Process type

It describes ne (or more) type of formal relation of a source and target form.

The main types are the followings:

derivation: suffixation. In Heng-On, only the category/class of the suffix is mentioned. For subgroups are identified according to the changing of part-of-speech. 

compound: there is no classical compounding in Nganasan. There are noun + noun and pronoun + noun syntagms. The modifier in Nominative or in Genitive.

borrowings

lexical continuity: the Nganasan form has an antecedent in the proto language(s).

reduplication: no in Nganasan.

clipping: no in Nganasan.

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Relation type

It describes one (or more) type of semantic relation of source and target meaning. The system of the semantic relations is basing on Gévaudan 2007, Blank 2001:

contiguity (metonymy)

similarity (metaphor)

identity

taxonomic inclusion

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Comment (source-target)

Further information on the connected lexemes (form+meaning).  

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Order of result

You can determine the order of the result by the parameters of a given advanced search.